Civil society in cuba Essay -- essays research papers

According to the Marxist concept of society, it is paramount to analyze the term "political organization of society", which is the expression of civil society as a whole. If we continue approaching the Marxist perspective, the origin of political organization of society lies on the division of society in antagonist classes, which leads to the differences in social and political life, and new social relationships appear: political and juridical, with their own organizations and institutions (State and political parties), which are founded in order to conquer power. Thus , the political organization of any society divided into classes is defined as "the system of institutions and organizations that regulate political relationships among classes, nations and States". (Konstantinov, F. Fundamentos de la filosofà ­a marxista-leninista, Parte II, Materialismo histà ³rico, De. Ciencias Sociales, La Habana, 1968, p. 149). As to other Marxist authors, the political organization in its narrow meaning represents the "system of the dictatorship of the dominant class", and in its widest meaning it represents "all who take part in the State affairs". The term "political organization of society" establishes a difference between civil society and State (Hegel already had dealt with that) and this difference is: the relationship between civil society and its political organization can be expressed as the relationship between contents and shape....

Saussure and Bloomfield

The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast two important linguistics that reached a significant milestone in the history of Language. Their names are Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887–April 18, 1949) and Ferdinand de Saussure (November 26, 1857– February 22, 1913). Leonard Bloomfield was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who taught at the University of Geneva, whose ideas about language laid the foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the early 20th century. Bloomfield came from the Neogrammarian School of linguistics. That means he focused on the historical aspects and evolution of languages. He studied particular languages, their history and how words are generated. Both Bloomfield and Saussure studied language as a structure or with a scientific basis. The main difference is that Bloomfield studied linguistics diachronically: its historical and comparative development. Saussure studied language synchronically: he made the comparison between language and chess. There is no necessity to know the history moves; you could understand the system just by looking at the board at any single moment. This is the synchronic study of Language. Another marked difference is that Bloomfield himself never suggested that it was possible to describe the syntax and phonology of a language in total ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. His view was incomplete, as he studied part of the system and not the whole. In contrast to this, Saussure studied Language as a system, including all aspects of it. He considered the system has three properties: Wholeness, since the system functions as a whole. Transformation, as the system is not static, but capable of change. Self-Regulation, this is related to the fact that new elements can be added to the system, but the basic structure of it can not be changed. The conception of Language was different for each of them. Bloomfield believed that Language is related to stimulus response acquired by habit formation. He claimed it is used to satisfy human’s needs. On the other and, Saussure considered language as a multitude of signs, where each sign links a phonic sound (the signifier) with an idea (the signified). The reason why they differed in this conception is because Saussure studied it from a mentalist conception. He considered both the signifier and signified mental entities and independent of any external object. Opposite to that, Bloomfield argued that linguistics needs to be more objective if it is to become a real scientific discipline. He believed that the main target of linguistic inquiry should be observable phenomena, rather than abstract cognitive processes. Therefore, Bloomfield rejected the classical view that the structure of language reflects the structure of thought. As a consequence, they also differed in the conception of Language acquisition. According to Bloomfield, a child acquires language through repetition and stimulus-response. Through further habits, the child makes a start on displaced speech (he names a thing even when it is not present). Saussure, on the contrary, viewed language as having an inner duality, which is manifested by the interaction of the synchronic and diachronic, the syntagmatic and associative, the signifier and signified. Taking everything into consideration, both Saussure and Bloomfield had a significant impact on linguistics. Saussure is considered the founder of modern linguistic and cultural studies. He has influenced several fields such as philosophy, anthropology and semiology. He is the linguist who revolutionized the study of Linguistics, as he outlined his theory of language, in which he suggested the need to study language in a scientific way, rather than studying it in a cultural and historic context. Bloomfield, for his part, did more than anyone else to make linguistics autonomous and scientific. Although Bloomfield's particular methodology of descriptive linguistics was not widely accepted, his mechanistic attitudes toward a precise science of linguistics, dealing only with observable phenomena, were most influential. His influence waned after the 1950s, when adherence to logical positivist doctrines lessened and there was a return to more mentalist attitudes.

The Physics of the High Jump Essay - 3273 Words

The Physics of the High Jump The world consists of many phenomena. Some of them are mysteries to us as human beings, while many others can be explained. Progressively over the centuries, science has helped us to better understand the spectacular things that physically affect the human race and the earth. Almost every single thing that deals with the physical aspect of our existence can now be explained through physics, which in turn helps us to better understand our surrounding environment. Where I have always been involved in sports, I am very interested in the specific physics that each sport consists of. One such sport that fascinates me is the high jump, and for this reason I am going to delve into the physics of the high jump and†¦show more content†¦The run up phase begins with the jumper accelerating from his starting position to an â€Å"optimum velocity on his way to the bar† (5). Where the jumper is traveling in a specific direction towards the bar we know that he or she will obtain a c ertain velocity because the athlete will combine his or her speed with the direction he or she is traveling. In the run up phase we are dealing with horizontal velocity because the jumper is running horizontally toward the bar, and this horizontal velocity will prove to be important later on because it will be converted into vertical velocity enabling the jumper to go up and clear the bar. So as the high jumper accelerates toward the bar, the first four or five steps of the approach are going directly perpendicular to the bar. At about the fifth step a jumper starts into the J curve or phase of the approach, which is basically just a simple curve that brings the jumper from the original strait on approach which he or she begins with, to a better angle which will help the jumper clear the bar more easily. The J curve of the approach is important to the high jump for several reasons. One thing that a jumper must do though, in order to complete the J curve effectively, is to lean inward as he or she travels through the curve. â€Å"[They] should have a lean of approximately 30 [degrees]† (Dapena and Willmott 32). The purpose of this lean is to help create a centripetal force, â€Å"which meansShow MoreRelated The Physics behind Daredevil Motorcycle Jumpers Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Physics behind Daredevil Motorcycle Jumpers For a span of about 20 years only a few people were brave enough to be motorcycle stuntmen. Performing death defying jumps were and still are looked upon as a â€Å"crazy† action. It takes much practice, natural skill, and planning for a stuntman to perform a successful jump. Of course practice is dictated by ones determination, skill is acquired with the combination of practice and good genes. And the planning has to do with physics. Sure one couldRead More Physics of Skydiving Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of Skydiving What Is Skydiving? Skydiving is an adrenaline-based sport with a fairly simple concept -- jump from a high place (usually out of a plane) from several thousand feet above sea level and hope and pray for a safe landing. This safe landing is often times achieved through the use of a device called a parachute, which enables the skydiver to reduce his speed to such a point that colliding with the earth will not be fatal. This paper will explain a few of the key conceptsRead More Robert Andrew Millikan Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesOnce he recalled trying to jump from a rowboat to a dock, falling in the water, and almost drowning. Here he had his first account with physics - Newton’s Third Law of Motion: quot;For every action there is an equal and opposite reactionquot;. Even in High School Physics courses Millikan was not so spirited, which may have had a little to do with his teacher’s habit of spending the summers using a divining rod to find water. After Millikan graduated from Maquoketa High he was accepted into OberlinRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of Basketball The more and more I look around I begin to see how physics are integrated into practically everything that we do. These things would surely go unnoticed without making a conscious effort to notice them. For example simple things like riding a bike, or driving a car, or playing catch with a son or daughter. Just as these activities are loaded with elements of physics, sports are also, especially basketball. Physics play a part in every aspect of the game, from dribblingRead More The Physics of Volleyball Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesThe Physics of o Volleyball From six thirty one morning to three O’ clock the next morning was my longest volleyball day ever. Fourteen and a half hours of play with only 3 breaks for food, makes for an exhausting event. So what makes volleyball worth such a sacrifice? It is the endless possibilities and outcomes that can occur by playing this magnificent sport and challenging the basic laws of physics. In the sport of volleyball the same thing never happens twice. Things may seem similarRead MoreThe Arctic Of The Antarctic Circle1716 Words   |  7 PagesDeciduous tree buds begin to swell. Migrating birds fly from winter to summer habitats. Vernal (spring): Begins March (mild temperate), April (cool temperate). Tree buds burst into leaves. Birds establish territories and begin mating and nesting. Estival (high summer): Begins June in most temperate climates. Trees in full leaf. Birds hatch and raise offspring. Serotinal (late summer): Generally begins mid to late August. Deciduous leaves begin to change color. Young birds reach maturity and join other adultRead MoreMy Experience With Dance And Gymnastics1572 Words   |  7 PagesI choose this topic because gymnastics have always captivated me, to expand my knowledge on the physics behind gymnastics, and to be able prove that gymnastics is more than just a graceful sport. A gymnast uses all of Newton’s Laws to successfully achieve all the moves they do. For example, one of the events in gymnastics is the vault. The vault is where a gymnast runs really fast, jumps on a springboard, they touch the table (equipment that is made out of metal but has a soft and spongyRead More The Physics of Basketball Essay1950 Words   |  8 PagesThe Physics of Basketball There are many aspects to the game of basketball and physics can be applied to all of them. Although to be good at basketball it is not necessary to play it from a physics point of view. Basketball players become good by developing muscle memory for the actions that must be performed in the game of basketball from years of practice. Nevertheless knowing some of the physics in the game of basketball can help a good player be a better player. In this paper I will coverRead MoreThe Principles Of Physics Behind The Sport1800 Words   |  8 Pagesthese lessons came to me a little too late. Although I knew what I was supposed to do, what I needed were the principles of physics behind the sport. In this paper, I aim to explain the basic principles behind jumping in the world of figure skating by covering the topics of projectile motion, angular momentum, and Newton’s Laws of Physics. Before we step into the physics of figure skating, it is essential that we understand some background and history about the sport. According to the United StatesRead MoreStatement of Purpose for Mechanical Engineering740 Words   |  3 PagesTruthfully, I have always been immersed in Physics studies since the first time I learn about it. I love the fact that by learning Physics, it can teach us how to think critically and help in solving unexpected problems that we encounter in our daily life. I found that mechanical engineering is the course that can help me continue my interest in this subject since it involved most of the concept in Physics such as mechanics, kinematics, and thermodynamics. Mechanical engineering is also appealing